I-WHO Izwakalisa I-alamu kuChikungunya Fever njengoba Ukuqhuma KweFoshan Kuqubuka

Enqubeni ephathelene nentuthuko, i-World Health Organization (WHO) iye yahlaba umkhosi nge-chikungunya fever, isifo esithwalwa omiyane, njengoba isimo eFoshan, eChina, siqhubeka nokudlondlobala. Kusukela ngomhla zingama-23 kuJulayi, 2025, uFoshan ubike izehlakalo ezingaphezu kuka-3,000 eziqinisekisiwe ze-chikungunya fever, zonke eziyizimo ezithambile, ngokombiko wakamuva weziphathimandla zezempilo zendawo.

Ukusabalala Kwembulunga yonke kanye Nengozi

UDiana Alvarez, inhloko ye-WHO's Arbovirus Team, engqungqutheleni yabezindaba eGeneva ngoJulayi 22 ukuthi igciwane le-chikungunya selitholakele emazweni nasezifundeni eziyi-119. Balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-550 abantu abasengozini yaleli gciwane elithwalwa omiyane, okungenzeka kube nokuqubuka kwezifo ezinkulu ezingase zidlulele ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo. U-Alvarez uveze ukuthi cishe eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, ukuqubuka kwe-chikungunya fever enkulu esifundeni sase-Indian Ocean kuthinte abantu ababalelwa ku-500,000. Kulo nyaka, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu base-Reunion Island ephethwe yiFrance e-Indian Ocean bangenwe yilesi sifo. Leli gciwane liphinde lisakazekele emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia njenge-India ne-Bangladesh. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe ase-Europe anjengeFrance ne-Italy asanda kubika amacala angenisiwe, nokutholakala kokudluliselwa kwasekhaya.

Yini iChikungunya Fever?

I-Chikungunya fever yisifo esithathelwanayo esibangelwa yi-chikungunya virus, ilungu le-Alphavirus genus emndenini we-Togaviridae. Igama elithi “chikungunya” lisuselwa olimini lwesiKimakonde eTanzania, okusho ukuthi “ukonakala,” okuchaza ngokucacile ukuma okugobile kweziguli ngenxa yobuhlungu obunzima bamalunga.

Izimpawu

• Imfiva: Uma usungenwe yilesi sifo, izinga lokushisa lomzimba weziguli lingakhuphuka ngokushesha libe ngu-39°C noma ngisho no-40°C, kanti umkhuhlane ngokuvamile uhlala kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-1-7.
• Ubuhlungu obuhlangene: Ubuhlungu obukhulu obuhlangene buwuphawu oluphawulekayo. Ngokuvamile kuthinta amalunga amancane ezandla nezinyawo, njengeminwe, izihlakala, amaqakala nezinzwane. Ubuhlungu bungase buqine kangangokuthi bulimaza kakhulu ukuhamba kwesiguli, futhi kwezinye izimo, ubuhlungu obuhlangene bungaqhubeka amasonto, izinyanga, noma ngisho neminyaka emi-3.
• Ukuqubuka: Ngemva kwesigaba sokushisa okukhulu, iziguli eziningi ziba nokuqubuka esiqwini, ezithweni, ezintendeni nasematheni. Ukuqhuma kuvame ukuvela ezinsukwini ezingu-2-5 ngemva kokuqala kwesifo futhi kusesimweni se-maculopapules ebomvu.
• Ezinye Izimpawu: Iziguli zingase futhi zithole i-myalgia evamile, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukukhathala, nokuminyana kwe-conjunctival. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ezinye iziguli zingase zibe nezimpawu zokugaya ukudla njengokulahlekelwa ukudla kanye nobuhlungu besisu.

Iningi leziguli lingalulama ngokuphelele ku-chikungunya fever. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezingavamile, izinkinga ezinzima ezifana nokopha, i-encephalitis, ne-myelitis zingase zenzeke, ezingasongela ukuphila. Abantu abadala, izinsana, kanye nabantu abanezimo zempilo ezicashile basengozini enkulu yokuba nezinkinga.

Imizila yokudlulisa

Indlela eyinhloko yokudlulisela i-chikungunya fever ngokulunywa omiyane be-Aedes abanaleli gciwane, ikakhulukazi i-Aedes aegypti kanye ne-Aedes albopictus, eyaziwa nangokuthi "omiyane abafane nezimbali." Lab’ omiyane batheleleka lapho beluma umuntu noma isilwane esine-viremia (ukuba khona kwegciwane egazini). Ngemva kokufukamela izinsuku ezingu-2-10 phakathi komiyane, igciwane liyaphindaphindeka futhi lifinyelele ezindlaleni zamathe zomiyane. Kamuva, lapho umiyane onaleli gciwane uluma umuntu ophile kahle, igciwane liyasakazwa, libangele izifo. Abukho ubufakazi bokudluliselwa komuntu ngokuqondile kuye kumuntu. Lesi sifo sivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ukusabalala kwawo kuhlobene eduze nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwezinkathi ezithile zonyaka, ngokuvamile kufinyelela inani eliphakeme lobhubhane ngemva kwenkathi yemvula. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwanda kwemvula kunikeza izizathu ezengeziwe zokuzalanisa omiyane be-Aedes, kube lula ukuzala kwabo ngokushesha futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise amathuba okudluliselwa kwegciwane.

Izindlela Zokuthola

Ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuxilongweni okunembile kwe-chikungunya fever.

Ukutholwa Kwegciwane

I-reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ingasetshenziswa ukuthola i-chikungunya virus RNA ku-serum noma ku-plasma, engaqinisekisa ukuxilongwa. Ukuhlukanisa igciwane ku-serum yesiguli nakho kuyindlela yokuqinisekisa, kodwa kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudla isikhathi.

Ukutholwa kwe-Antibody

• Chikungunya IgM Test: Lokhu kuhlolwa kungathola amasosha omzimba e-IgM aqondene negciwane le-chikungunya. Amasosha omzimba e-IgM ngokuvamile aqala ukubonakala egazini ezinsukwini ezi-5 ngemva kokuqala kwesifo. Kodwa-ke, kungase kube nemiphumela engelona iqiniso, ngakho-ke imiphumela emihle ye-IgM ngokuvamile idinga ukuqinisekiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody.
• Chikungunya IgG/IgM Test: Lokhu kuhlola kungathola ngasikhathi sinye amasosha omzimba e-IgG ne-IgM. Amasosha omzimba e-IgG avela kamuva kunamasosha omzimba e-IgM futhi angabonisa ukuchayeka esikhathini esidlule noma sangaphambilini kugciwane. Ukwenyuka okukhulu kwe-IgG antibody titers phakathi kwe-acute-phase kanye ne-convalescent-phase sera nakho kungasekela ukuxilongwa.
• Izivivinyo ze-Combo:

◦I-Zika Virus Antibody IgG/IgM Test: Ingasetshenziswa uma kunesidingo sokuhlukanisa i-chikungunya ekuthelelekeni ngegciwane le-Zika, njengoba kokubili kuyizifo ezithwalwa omiyane ezinezimpawu ezigqagqene.

◦I-ZIKA IgG/IgM + Chikungunya IgG/IgM Combo Test: Ivumela ukutholwa ngasikhathi sinye kwamasosha omzimba ngokumelene ne-Zika ne-chikungunya virus, okuwusizo ezindaweni lapho womabili amagciwane angase azungeza khona.

◦I-Dengue NS1 + Dengue IgG/IgM + Zika IgG/IgM Combo TestfuthiUDengue NS1 + Dengue IgG/IgM + Zika + Chikungunya Combo Test: Lezi izivivinyo ezibanzi. Abakwazi ukubona kuphela i-chikungunya ne-Zika kodwa futhi nezimpawu zegciwane lodenga. Njengoba udenga, i-chikungunya, ne-Zika zonke kuyizifo ezithwalwa omiyane ezinezimpawu ezifanayo ezigabeni zokuqala, lezi zivivinyo ze-combo zingasiza ekuhlonzweni okunembile okuhlukile. Ithebula elilandelayo lifinyeza izici ezibalulekile zalokhu kuhlola:

Ukuxilongwa Okuhlukile

I-Chikungunya fever idinga ukuhlukaniswa kwezinye izifo eziningana ngenxa yezimpawu zayo ezigqagqene:

• Umkhuhlane Wodenga: Uma kuqhathaniswa nomkhuhlane wodenga, i-chikungunya fever inesikhathi somkhuhlane esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa. Kodwa ubuhlungu obuhlangene ku-chikungunya bubonakala kakhulu futhi buqhubeka isikhathi eside. Kumkhuhlane wodenga, ubuhlungu bamalunga nemisipha bukhona kodwa ngokuvamile abubi kakhulu futhi buhlala isikhathi eside njengase-chikungunya. Ukwengeza, i-chikungunya fever inokuthambekela ukopha okuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomkhuhlane wodenga. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zodenga, ukuvela ukopha okunjengokopha kwekhala, ukopha kwezinsini, kanye ne-petechiae kuvame kakhulu.
• I-Zika Virus Infection: Ukutheleleka ngegciwane leZika kuvame ukudala izimpawu ezithambile uma kuqhathaniswa ne-chikungunya. Nakuba zombili zingase zibe nomkhuhlane, ukuqubuka, nobuhlungu obuhlangene, ubuhlungu obuhlangene ku-Zika ngokuvamile abubi kakhulu. Ukwengeza, ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-Zika kuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga ezithile ezifana ne-microcephaly ezinganeni ezizalwa omama abanegciwane, okungabonakali ku-chikungunya fever.
• O'nyong-nyong kanye nezinye izifo ze-Alphavirus: Lezi zifo zingase zibe nezimpawu ezifanayo ne-chikungunya, kuhlanganise nomkhuhlane nobuhlungu bamalunga. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri okuqondile kuyadingeka ukuze kutholakale ngokunembile igciwane eliyimbangela. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwamangqamuzana kungahlukanisa phakathi kwama-alphavirus ahlukene ngokusekelwe ekulandeleni kwawo okuhlukile kofuzo.
• I-Erythema Infectiosum: I-Erythema infectiosum, eyaziwa nangokuthi isifo sesihlanu, ibangelwa i-parvovirus B19. Ivamise ukuvezwa ngokuqubuka “kwesihlathi esishaywe ngempama” ebusweni, okulandelwa ukuqubuka okufana ne-lacy emzimbeni. Ngokuphambene, ukuqubuka kwe-chikungunya kusakazeke kakhulu futhi kungase kungabi nokubukeka okuqondile “kwesihlathi esishaywa ngempama”.
• Ezinye Izifo Ezithathelwanayo: I-Chikungunya fever nayo idinga ukuhlukaniswa nomkhuhlane, isimungumungwane, i-rubella, kanye ne-infectious mononucleosis. Umkhuhlane uveza izimpawu zokuphefumula ezinjengokukhwehlela, umphimbo obuhlungu, nokucinana kwamakhala ngaphezu komkhuhlane kanye nobuhlungu bomzimba. Isimungumungwana sibonakala ngamachashaza e-Koplik emlonyeni kanye nokuqubuka kwesici esisakazeka ngephethini ethile. I-Rubella inenkambo ethambile enokuqubuka okuvela ekuqaleni futhi kufiphala ngokushesha. I-mononucleosis esithathelwanayo ihlotshaniswa ne-lymphadenopathy evelele kanye nama-lymphocyte atypical egazini.
• Izifo Zamathambo Negciwane: Izimo ezifana ne-rheumatic fever kanye nesifo samathambo esibangelwa amagciwane zidinga ukucatshangelwa ekuxilongweni okuhlukile. I-Rheumatic fever ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nomlando wokutheleleka nge-streptococcal futhi ingase ivele ne-carditis ngaphezu kwezimpawu ezihlangene. Isifo samathambo esibangelwa amagciwane ngokuvamile sithinta ilunga elilodwa noma ambalwa, futhi kungase kube nezimpawu zokuvuvukala kwendawo njengokufudumala, ububomvu, nobuhlungu obukhulu. Ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri, okuhlanganisa amasiko egazi nokuhlolwa okuqondile kwe-antibody, kungasiza ukuhlukanisa lokhu nomkhuhlane we-chikungunya.

Ukuvimbela

Ukuvimbela i-chikungunya fever ikakhulukazi kugxile ekulawuleni omiyane nasekuvikelweni komuntu siqu:

• Ukulawula Umiyane:

◦Ukuphathwa Kwemvelo: Njengoba omiyane be-Aedes bazalela emanzini amile, kubalulekile ukuqeda izindawo ezingase zizalela kuzo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthulula nokuhlanza njalo izitsha ezingagcina amanzi, njengezimbiza zezimbali, amabhakede namathayi amadala. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuzala komiyane.

◦Izinto Zokuxosha Omiyane Nezingubo Zokuzivikela: Ukusebenzisa izinto ezixosha omiyane eziqukethe izithako ezisebenzayo njenge-DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), i-picaridin, noma i-IR3535 kungaxosha ngempumelelo omiyane. Ukugqoka amahembe anemikhono emide, amabhulukwe amade, namasokisi, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuluma omiyane (ekuseni nakusihlwa), nakho kunganciphisa ingozi yokulunywa omiyane.

• Izinyathelo Zezempilo Zomphakathi:

◦Ukuqapha kanye Nokutholwa Kwangaphambi kwesikhathi: Ukusungula izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokugada ukuze kutholwe amacala e-chikungunya fever ngokushesha kubalulekile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuqaliswa okusheshayo kwezinyathelo zokulawula ukuvimbela ukusabalala okwengeziwe. Ezindaweni lapho isifo sigcwele khona noma sisengozini yokungenwa, ukuqapha omiyane okuvamile kanye nokusebenza kwegciwane kuyadingeka.

◦Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nokwelashwa Kweziguli: Iziguli ezithelelekile kufanele zibekwe zodwa ukuze kugwenywe ukulunywa omiyane okwengeziwe kanye nokudluliselwa kwegciwane okulandelayo. Izibhedlela nezindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo kufanele futhi zithathe izinyathelo ezifanele zokuvimbela ukutheleleka nge-nosocomial (okutholwa esibhedlela). Ukwelashwa kugxile kakhulu ekudambiseni izimpawu, njengokusebenzisa ama-antipyretics ukuze kwehliswe imfiva nama-analgesics ukuze kudambise ubuhlungu bamalunga.

Njengoba umphakathi womhlaba wonke ubhekene nosongo lwe-chikungunya fever, kubalulekile ukuba abantu ngabanye, imiphakathi, kanye nohulumeni bathathe izinyathelo eziqinile ukuze bavimbele ukusakazeka kwayo nokuvikela impilo yomphakathi..