Ngokumalunga nophuhliso, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) uvakalise i-alamu kwi-chikungunya fever, isifo esibangelwa yi-mosquito, njengoko imeko yaseFoshan, eChina, iqhubeka nokunyuka. Ukusukela nge-23 kaJulayi ka-2025, uFoshan uxele ngaphezulu kwe-3,000 yezehlo eziqinisekisiweyo ze-chikungunya fever, zonke ezo zizimeko ezibuthathaka, ngokwengxelo yamva nje yabasemagunyeni kwezempilo.
UkuSasazeka kweHlabathi kunye noMngcipheko
U-Diana Alvarez, intloko ye-WHO ye-Arbovirus Team, wathi kwinkomfa yeendaba e-Geneva ngoJulayi 22 ukuba i-virus ye-chikungunya ifunyenwe kumazwe angama-119 kunye nemimandla. Kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abazizigidi ezingama-550 basemngciphekweni wokusuka kule ntsholongwane isasazwa ziingcongconi, kukho uqhambuko olukhulu olunokongamela iinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo. UAlvarez wachaza ukuba malunga neminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo, uqhambuko olukhulu lwe-chikungunya fever kummandla woLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya luchaphazele abantu abamalunga nama-500,000. Kulo nyaka, malunga nesinye kwisithathu sabemi kwiSiqithi i-Reunion ephethwe yi-French kuLwandlekazi lwase-Indiya bosulelekile. Le ntsholongwane ikwasasazeka kumazwe akuMzantsi-Mpuma Asia anje ngeIndiya kunye neBangladesh. Ngaphaya koko, amazwe aseYurophu anjengeFransi ne-Italiya asanda kunika ingxelo yamatyala angeniswa kumazwe angaphandle, kunye nosulelo lwasekhaya lufunyenwe.
Yintoni iChikungunya Fever?
I-Chikungunya fever sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa yintsholongwane ye-chikungunya, ilungu le-Alphavirus genus ngaphakathi kwentsapho yaseTogaviridae. Igama elithi "chikungunya" lithatyathwe kulwimi lwesiKimakonde eTanzania, elithetha "ukonakala," nto leyo ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuma okugobileyo kwezigulana ngenxa yeentlungu ezibuhlungu zamalungu.
Iimpawu
- Ifiva: Nje ukuba usulelekile, ubushushu bomzimba wezigulane bunokunyuka ngokukhawuleza ukuya kuma-39°C okanye nama-40°C, kunye nomkhuhlane odla ngokuthatha iintsuku ezi-1-7.
- Intlungu edibeneyo: Iintlungu ezibuhlungu ezidibeneyo luphawu oluphawulekayo. Idla ngokuchaphazela amalungu amancinane ezandla neenyawo, njengeminwe, izihlahla, amaqatha neenzwane. Intlungu inokuba nzima kangangokuba iphazamisa kakhulu ukuhamba kwesigulana, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, intlungu edibeneyo inokuqhubeka iiveki, iinyanga, okanye ukuya kwi-3 iminyaka.
- Irhashalala: Emva kwenqanaba lomkhuhlane ophezulu, izigulane ezininzi ziba ne-rash kwi-trunk, imilenze, iintende kunye neenyawo. I-rash ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakala emva kweentsuku ezingama-2-5 emva kokuqala kwesi sifo kwaye ikwimo ye-maculopapules ebomvu.
- Ezinye Iimpawu: Izigulana zinokuba ne-myalgia ngokubanzi, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, ukudinwa, kunye nokuxinana kwe-conjunctival. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ezinye izigulana zinokuba neempawu zokugaya ukutya ezifana nokulahlekelwa ngumdla kunye neentlungu zesisu.
Uninzi lwezigulana zinokuchacha ngokupheleleyo kwi-chikungunya fever. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, iingxaki ezinzima ezifana nokopha, i-encephalitis, kunye ne-myelitis zinokuthi zenzeke, ezinokubeka ubomi esichengeni. Abantu abadala, iintsana, kunye nabantu abaneemeko zempilo eziphantsi basengozini enkulu yokufumana iingxaki.
IiNdlela zoThutho
Eyona ndlela iphambili yosulelo lwe-chikungunya fever kukulunywa ziingcongconi ze-Aedes ezosulelekileyo, ngakumbi i-Aedes aegypti kunye ne-Aedes albopictus, ekwaziwa ngokuba "ziingcongconi ezinentyatyambo." Ezi ngcongconi zosuleleka xa ziluma umntu okanye isilwanyana esineviremia (ubukho bentsholongwane egazini). Emva kwexesha lokufukamela kangangeentsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezili-10 kwingcongconi, le ntsholongwane iyaphindaphindeka ize ifike kumadlala engcongconi. Emva koko, xa ingcongconi esulelekileyo iluma umntu osempilweni, intsholongwane isasazwa, nto leyo ebangela usulelo. Akukho bungqina bosulelo oluthe ngqo emntwini ukuya emntwini. Esi sifo sixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezishushu kunye neendawo ezishushu. Ukusasazeka kwayo kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokutshintsha kwemozulu yamaxesha onyaka, rhoqo ukufikelela kwincopho yobhubhane emva kwexesha lemvula. Oku kungenxa yokuba imvula eyongezelelekileyo ibonelela ngeendawo ezingakumbi zokuzala kweengcongconi ze-Aedes, ziququzelela ukuzala kwazo ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaloo ndlela kwandisa amathuba okusasazeka kwentsholongwane.
Iindlela zokuFumana
Uvavanyo lwaselabhoratri ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufunyanisweni ngokuchanekileyo kwe-chikungunya fever.
Ukufunyanwa kweNtsholongwane
I-reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ingasetyenziselwa ukufumanisa i-chikungunya virus RNA kwi-serum okanye i-plasma, enokuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa. Ukwahlula intsholongwane kwi-serum yesigulane kukwayindlela yokuqinisekisa, kodwa kunzima kwaye kuthatha ixesha.
Ukufunyanwa kwe-Antibody
- Chikungunya IgM Test: Olu vavanyo lunokubona ii-antibodies ze-IgM ezikhethekileyo kwintsholongwane ye-chikungunya. Ii-antibodies ze-IgM zihlala ziqala ukubonakala egazini kwiintsuku ezi-5 emva kokuqala kwesi sifo. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zobuxoki zinokuthi zenzeke, ke iziphumo ezilungileyo ze-IgM zihlala zifuna ukuqinisekiswa ngakumbi ngokunciphisa iimvavanyo ze-antibody.
- Chikungunya IgG/IgM Test: Olu vavanyo lunokubona ngaxeshanye zombini izilwa-buhlungu ze-IgG kunye ne-IgM. Izilwa-buhlungu ze-IgG zivela emva kwexesha kunezilwa-buhlungu ze-IgM kwaye zinokubonisa ukuba sesichengeni kwixesha elidlulileyo okanye elidlulileyo kwintsholongwane. Ukonyuka okubonakalayo kwe-IgG antibody titers phakathi kwe-acute-phase kunye ne-convalescent-phase sesera nako kunokuxhasa uxilongo.
- Iimvavanyo zeCombo:
◦Uvavanyo lweZika Virus Antibody IgG/IgM: Ingasetyenziswa xa kukho imfuneko yokwahlula i-chikungunya kusulelo lwe-Zika virus, njengoko zombini zizifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi kunye neempawu ezihambelanayo.
◦ZIKA IgG/IgM + Chikungunya IgG/IgM Combo Test: Ivumela ukufunyaniswa kwangaxeshanye kwe-antibodies ngokumelene ne-Zika kunye ne-chikungunya virus, eluncedo kwiindawo apho zombini ii-virus zingase zijikeleze.
◦IDengue NS1 + Dengue IgG/IgM + Zika IgG/IgM Combo TestkwayeIDengue NS1 + Dengue IgG/IgM + Zika + Chikungunya Combo Test: Olu luvavanyo olubanzi. Abakwazi ukubona kuphela i-chikungunya kunye ne-Zika kodwa kunye neempawu zentsholongwane ye-dengue. Kuba idengue, chikungunya, kunye neZika zonke zizifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi ezineempawu ezifanayo kumanqanaba okuqala, olu vavanyo lwe-combo lunokunceda ekuxilongeni okuchanekileyo. Le theyibhile ilandelayo ishwankathela imiba ephambili yolu vavanyo:
| Igama lovavanyo | Ithagethi yokuFumana | Ukubaluleka |
| Chikungunya IgM Test | I-IgM antibodies ngokuchasene ne-chikungunya virus | Ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwesigaba, kubonisa ukusuleleka kwangoku |
| Chikungunya IgG/IgM Test | Izikhuseli ze-IgG kunye ne-IgM ezichasene ne-chikungunya virus | I-IgM yosulelo lwakutsha nje, i-IgG yokutyhileka kwangaphambili okanye kwangaphambili |
| Uvavanyo lweZika Virus Antibody IgG/IgM | Izikhuseli ze-IgG kunye ne-IgM ezichasene ne-Zika virus | Ukuxilongwa kosulelo lwe-Zika virus, luncedo ekuxilongeni okungafaniyo kunye ne-chikungunya |
| ZIKA IgG/IgM + Chikungunya IgG/IgM Combo Test | Ii-antibodies ze-IgG kunye ne-IgM ezichasene neZika kunye ne-chikungunya virus | Ukufunyaniswa ngaxeshanye kosulelo lwengcongconi ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo |
| IDengue NS1 + Dengue IgG/IgM + Zika IgG/IgM Combo Test | I-antigen yeDengue NS1, i-IgG kunye ne-IgM yokulwa ne-dengue kunye ne-Zika virus | Ukufumanisa i-dengue kunye ne-Zika, inceda ekwahluleni kwi-chikungunya |
| IDengue NS1 + Dengue IgG/IgM + Zika + Chikungunya Combo Test | I-antigen yeDengue NS1, i-IgG kunye ne-IgM echasene nedengue, iZika, kunye ne-chikungunya virus | Ukufunyaniswa okupheleleyo kwengcongconi ezintathu eziphambili - usulelo oluthwalwa yintsholongwane |
Uxilongo olwahlukileyo
I-Chikungunya fever kufuneka yahlulwe kwezinye izifo ezininzi ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezihambelanayo:
- Umkhuhlane weDengue: Xa kuthelekiswa nefiva yedengue, i-chikungunya fever inefiva elifutshane ngokwentelekiso-ixesha. Kodwa intlungu edibeneyo kwi-chikungunya ibonakala ngakumbi kwaye iqhubeka ixesha elide. Kumkhuhlane wedengue, iintlungu ezihlangeneyo kunye nezihlunu zikwakhona kodwa azikho nzima kwaye azihlali ixesha elide njengakwichikungunya. Ukongeza, i-chikungunya fever inotyekelo lokopha kancinci xa kuthelekiswa nomkhuhlane wedengue. Kwiimeko ezimandundu zedengue, ukuvela ukopha okunjengokopha kweempumlo, ukopha kwiintsini, kunye ne-petechiae zixhaphake ngakumbi.
- Usulelo lweZika Virus: Usulelo lwentsholongwane yeZika luhlala lubangela iimpawu ezincinci xa kuthelekiswa ne-chikungunya. Ngelixa zombini zinokubakho ngomkhuhlane, irhashalala, kunye neentlungu ezidibeneyo, iintlungu ezidibeneyo kwiZika zihlala zincinci. Ukongezelela, ukusuleleka kwentsholongwane kaZika kuhambelana neengxaki ezithile ezifana ne-microcephaly kwiintsana ezizalwe komama abosulelekileyo, engabonakali kwi-chikungunya fever.
- O'nyong-nyong kunye nolunye usulelo lwe-Alphavirus: Olu sulelo lunokuba neempawu ezifanayo kwi-chikungunya, kuquka umkhuhlane kunye neentlungu ezidibeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, iimvavanyo ezithile zebhubhoratri ziyafuneka ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo intsholongwane ye-causative. Umzekelo, iimvavanyo zeemolekyuli zinokwahlula phakathi kwee-alphaviruses ezahlukeneyo ngokusekwe kulandelelwano lwazo olulodwa lwemfuza.
- Erythema Infectiosum: I-Erythema infectiosum, eyaziwa ngokuba sisifo sesihlanu, ibangelwa yi-parvovirus B19. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibonisa uphawu "lwe-slapped-cheek" ebusweni, lulandelwa yi-rash efana ne-lacy emzimbeni. Ngokwahlukileyo, irhashalala kwi-chikungunya ixhaphake kakhulu kwaye isenokungabi nayo imbonakalo ethile "yempama-esidleleni".
- Ezinye izifo ezosulelayo: I-Chikungunya fever nayo ifuna ukwahlulwa kumkhuhlane, imasisi, irubella, kunye ne-infectious mononucleosis. Umkhuhlane ubukhulu becala ubonakalisa iimpawu zokuphefumla ezinjengokhohlokhohlo, umqala obuhlungu, nokuxinana kweempumlo ukongezelela kwifiva kunye neentlungu zomzimba. Imasisi ibonakala ngamabala e-Koplik emlonyeni kunye ne-rash ephawulekayo esasazeka kwipatheni ethile. I-Rubella inekhosi ethambileyo kunye nerhashalala ebonakala ngaphambili kwaye iphela ngokukhawuleza. I-mononucleosis echaphazelekayo ihambelana ne-lymphadenopathy evelele kunye ne-lymphocytes engabonakaliyo egazini.
- Izifo zeRheumatic kunye neBacterial: Iimeko ezifana ne-rheumatic fever kunye ne-bacterial arthritis kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwi-diagnostic eyahlukileyo. I-Rheumatic fever idla ngokudityaniswa nembali yosulelo lwe-streptococcal kwaye inokubakho nge-carditis ukongeza kwiimpawu ezidibeneyo. I-Bacterial arthritis idla ngokuchaphazela ilungu elinye okanye ambalwa, kwaye kunokubakho iimpawu zokudumba kwendawo ezifana nokufudumala, ububomvu, kunye neentlungu ezinkulu. Iimvavanyo zaselabhoratri, kubandakanywa iinkcubeko zegazi kunye novavanyo oluthile lwe-antibody, lunokunceda ukwahlula oku kwi-chikungunya fever.
Uthintelo
Ukuthintela i-chikungunya fever ikakhulu kugxile kulawulo lweengcongconi kunye nokhuseleko lomntu:
- Ulawulo lweengcongconi:
◦Ulawulo lokusingqongileyo: Ekubeni iingcongconi ze-Aedes zizalela kumanzi amileyo, kubalulekile ukuphelisa iindawo ezinokuzalela kuzo. Oku kuquka ukukhupha rhoqo nokucoca izitya ezinokugcina amanzi, njengeembiza zeentyatyambo, iiemele namatayara amadala. Kwiindawo zasezidolophini, ulawulo olululo lweendawo zokugcina amanzi kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi kunokunciphisa kakhulu ukuzala kweengcongconi.
◦Izinto zokugxotha iingcongconi kunye nempahla ekhuselayo: Ukusebenzisa i-mosquito repelnts equkethe izithako ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide), i-picaridin, okanye i-IR3535 inokugxotha ngokufanelekileyo iimiyane. Ukunxiba iihempe ezinemikhono emide, ibhulukhwe emide, neekawusi, ngakumbi ngamaxesha okulunywa ziingcongconi (ekuseni nangokuhlwa), nako kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokulunywa ziingcongconi.
- Amanyathelo eMpilo yoLuntu:
◦Ukubek' esweni kunye nokuFumana kwangethuba: Ukuseka iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokucupha ukukhangela iimeko ze-chikungunya fever ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile. Oku kuvumela ukuphunyezwa ngokukhawuleza kwamanyathelo okulawula ukuthintela ukusasazeka ngakumbi. Kwiindawo apho isifo sixhaphake okanye sisengozini yokungeniswa, ukubekwa esweni rhoqo kweengcongconi kunye nomsebenzi wentsholongwane kuyimfuneko.
◦Ukwahlukaniswa kunye noNyango lwezigulane: Izigulana ezosulelekileyo kufuneka zibekwe zodwa ukuthintela ukulunywa ngakumbi yingcongconi kunye nokusasazwa kwentsholongwane. Izibhedlele kunye nezibonelelo zempilo kufuneka zithathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuthintela usulelo lwe-nosocomial (olufunyenwe esibhedlele). Unyango ikakhulu lujolise ekudambiseni iimpawu, ezifana nokusebenzisa i-antipyretics ukunciphisa umkhuhlane kunye ne-analgesics ukuthomalalisa iintlungu zamalungu.
Njengoko uluntu lwehlabathi lusilwa nosoyikiso lwe-chikungunya fever, kubalulekile ukuba abantu, uluntu, kunye noorhulumente bathathe amanyathelo okuthintela ukusasazeka kunye nokukhusela impilo yoluntu..
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-25-2025